谁和Adèle de France (née en 1160)约会过?
Richard I of England 日期为 Adèle de France (née en 1160),从 ? 到 ?. 年龄差距为 3 年 0 个月零 19 天.
Henry II of England 日期为 Adèle de France (née en 1160),从 ? 到 ?. 年龄差距为 27 年 6 个月零 22 天.
Adèle de France (née en 1160)
Aélis de France (ou Adélaïde, Alixou encore Adèle, née le 4 octobre 1160, † apr. ), est la fille du roi Louis VII de France (1120-1180) et de sa deuxième épouse, Constance de Castille, qui meurt en accouchant de sa fille.
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Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as Richard the Lionheart or Richard Cœur de Lion (Old Norman French: Quor de Lion) because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior, was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine, and Gascony; Lord of Cyprus; Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes; and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and was therefore not expected to become king, but his two elder brothers predeceased their father.
By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father. Richard was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France. Despite achieving several victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, he was ultimately forced to end his campaign without retaking Jerusalem.
Richard probably spoke both French and Occitan, and based on the testimony of Roger of Howden, most likely understood Middle English. He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming duke of Aquitaine, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. Following his accession to the crown of England, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his reign was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending the French portions of the Angevin Empire. Though regarded as a model king during the four centuries after his death and viewed as a pious hero by his subjects, he was later perceived by historians as a ruler who treated the kingdom of England merely as a source of revenue for his armies rather than a land entrusted to his stewardship. This "Little England" view of Richard has come under increasing scrutiny by modern historians, who view it as anachronistic. Richard I is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.
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Henry II of England
亨利二世(英语:Henry II;1133年3月5日—1189年7月6日),亦被称为短斗篷亨利(法语:Court-manteau;英语:Henry Curtmantle)、亨利·菲茨埃姆普雷斯(英语:Henry FitzEmpress)或亨利·金雀花(英语:Henry Plantagenet),自1154年开始担任英格兰国王,直至1189年去世,是金雀花王朝首位国王。1150年,亨利受法兰西国王路易七世封为诺曼底公爵。1151年,亨利在父亲安茹伯爵若弗鲁瓦五世去世后成为安茹伯爵和曼恩伯爵。阿基坦的埃莉诺与路易七世的婚姻解除后不久,1152年,亨利与阿基坦的埃莉诺结婚,凭借婚姻成为阿基坦公爵。1185年,亨利通过条约成为南特伯爵。亨利在40岁以前控制了英格兰全境、威尔士大部分地区、爱尔兰东部地区和法兰西西部地区;亨利掌控的地区后来被称为安茹帝国。亨利还在不同时期控制苏格兰部分地区和布列塔尼公国部分地区。
亨利的母亲玛蒂尔达是英格兰国王亨利一世之女,但布卢瓦的斯蒂芬占据英格兰王位,亨利在14岁时积极参与母亲玛蒂尔达主张继承英格兰王位的尝试。1153年,亨利远征英格兰,斯蒂芬同意签订和平条约,翌年,斯蒂芬去世,亨利继承王国。亨利是个精力充沛、冷酷无情的统治者,他渴望恢复外祖父亨利一世的土地和特权。年轻的亨利在统治早期,恢复在英格兰的王家行政机构,重新确立对威尔士的霸权,并完全掌控他在安茹、曼恩和图赖讷的土地。亨利想要改变与教会的关系,引发他与旧友坎特伯雷大主教托马斯·贝克特的冲突。这场争论持续了12世纪60年代大部分时间,并导致贝克特在1170年遭受谋杀。亨利旋即与路易七世发生冲突,这两位统治者打了几十年的“冷战”。亨利损害路易的利益以扩张他的帝国,占领布列塔尼并向东推进至法兰西中部地区,向南推进至图卢兹;尽管亨利举行许多和平会议并签署很多和平条约,但未有达成持久的协议。
亨利和埃莉诺有三女五子八个孩子。亨利的三个儿子后来成为国王,尽管幼王亨利受任为父亲的共治统治者,而非独立统治的国王。随着亨利诸子长大成人,在路易与他的儿子法兰西国王菲利普二世鼓动下,开始出现有关帝国未来继承的紧张局势。1173年,亨利的法定继承人“小亨利”开始反叛;他的弟弟理查德(后来的国王)和若弗鲁瓦以及他们的母亲埃莉诺也加入进来。法兰西、苏格兰、布列塔尼、佛兰德和布洛涅都与叛乱者结盟。亨利武德充沛的军事行动和才华横溢的地方指挥官挫败大反叛,地方指挥官中的许多人是因忠诚和管理能力而受任命的“新人”。1183年,小亨利和若弗鲁瓦再次反叛,致使小亨利丧命。诺曼入侵爱尔兰为他最小的儿子约翰(后来的国王)提供土地,但亨利竭力寻找方法来满足他所有儿子对土地和直接权力的欲望。至1189年,小亨利和若弗鲁瓦都已过世,菲利普成功利用理查德对亨利二世会让约翰当国王的恐惧,引发最后的叛乱。菲利普和理查德彻底击败亨利,亨利患上出血的溃疡,他撤退到安茹的希农城堡。不久亨利便去世,由理查德继任。
亨利的帝国在其子约翰(1199年接替理查德)的统治下迅速瓦解,但亨利在其长期统治期间引入的许多变化都产生长期影响。亨利的法律变革被普遍认为奠定了英格兰普通法的基础,而他对布列塔尼、威尔士和苏格兰的干预塑造了这些国家社会和政府体系的发展。时过境迁,对亨利统治的历史解读发生相当大的变化。同时代的编年史家,如威尔士的杰拉德和纽堡的威廉,虽然有时不太喜欢亨利,但通常都称赞他的成就,分别把他描述为“我们西方的亚历山大”和“优秀而仁慈的君主”。18世纪,学者认为亨利推动建立真正的英格兰王国,并最终建立统一的不列颠,大卫·休谟甚至将亨利描述为“在智慧、美德和能力方面,他是那个时代最伟大的君主,在统治范围上也是所有曾经登上英格兰王位者中最强大的”。维多利亚时代大英帝国扩张时期,历史学家对亨利自己帝国的形成非常感兴趣,但他们也对他的私人生活和贝克特的遭遇表示关注。20世纪末的历史学家结合不列颠和法兰西对亨利的历史描述,挑战了早期以英格兰为中心的对他统治时期的解释。
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