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Alexander Semyonovich Vasilchikov (Russian: Александр Семёнович Васильчиков, tr. Aleksandr Semënovič Vasil'čikov; 1746–1813) was a Russian aristocrat who became the lover of Catherine the Great from 1772 to 1774.

Vasilchikov was an ensign in the Chevalier Guard Regiment when he was noted by Catherine and was appointed gentleman of the bedchamber on 1 August 1772. When Catherine's then-lover Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov left court, Catherine was informed about his adultery, and 12 August, Vasilchikov was made general aide-de-camp and lover of Catherine. Vasilchikov was expected to be available to attend on her at all times, and was not allowed to leave the palace without permission.

The relationship was short-lived. Catherine found Vasilchikov's gentleness cloying, saying "His tenderness made me weep." When Vasilchikov was away on a journey, sent by the empress, Grigory Potemkin replaced him as her lover. She wrote to her friend Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm about Vasilchikov's dismissal: "Why do you reproach me because I dismiss a well-meaning but extremely boring bourgeois in favour of one of the greatest, the most comical and amusing, characters of this iron century?"

Vasilchikov later complained that he felt like a hired gigolo: "I was nothing more to her than a kind of male cocotte and I was treated as such. If I made a request for myself or anyone else, she did not reply, but the next day I found a bank-note for several thousand rubles in my pocket. She never condescended to discuss with me any matters that lay close to my heart."

Catherine characteristically rewarded her former lover richly. Vasilchikov was given a pension of twenty thousand rubles and valuable properties. He lived the rest of his life in Moscow. He never married. He built a notable collection of Western European paintings and sculptures, including a "Self Portrait" by Velasquez and works by Philips Wouwerman and Andries Botha.

叶卡捷琳娜二世·阿列克谢耶芙娜（俄語：Екатерина II Алексеевна，羅馬化：Yekaterina II Alekseyevna；1729年5月2日—1796年11月17日），亦称叶卡捷琳娜大帝（Екатерина Великая），俄國君主，出生于普鲁士波美拉尼亚斯德丁，原是彼得三世之妻，通过政变废黜其夫婿彼得三世後，即位为俄罗斯女皇，並成為俄罗斯帝国史上在位时间最长（1762年至1796年在位）的君主，在位時間長達34年。在其治下俄罗斯经历复兴，达到其历史顶峰并成为欧洲列强之一。

叶卡捷琳娜即位和在位时均时常依靠其宠幸贵族的协助，如奥尔洛夫和波将金。在苏沃洛夫、鲁缅采夫和乌沙科夫等将领支持之下，叶卡捷琳娜治下的俄罗斯帝国通过军事及外交迅速扩张。在南方，俄罗斯通过俄土战争击败奥斯曼帝国并击溃克里米亚汗国，对黑海及亚速海的广阔区域进行了殖民（即新俄罗斯）；在西方，叶卡捷琳娜前情人斯坦尼斯瓦夫·奥古斯特统治的波兰-立陶宛联邦被瓜分，俄罗斯获得了最大面积的领土；在东部，俄罗斯开始对阿拉斯加进行殖民，在其子保罗一世统治时期建立俄属北美。

叶卡捷琳娜改革行政区划，诸多新城镇在其令下建立起来。她跟随其所景仰的彼得大帝的步伐，继续根据西欧模式对俄罗斯进行现代化革新，但征兵制及经济仍旧以农奴制为基础，国家及地主的需求越来越依赖于农奴，由此导致了多次叛乱，农民及哥萨克的普加乔夫起义即为一例。

叶卡捷琳娜统治时期被称为“叶卡捷琳娜时代”，通常被认为是俄罗斯帝国及俄罗斯贵族的黄金时代。彼得三世在位时颁布，由叶卡捷琳娜确认延续的《贵族自由宣言》将贵族由强制兵役和国家公务中解放出来。叶卡捷琳娜推动诸多古典主义贵族建筑的建设，改变了俄国的面貌。她热心支持启蒙时代理念，由此获得开明专制君主一称。叶卡捷琳娜亦支持艺术事业，推动了俄罗斯启蒙时期的发展。这一时期所建立斯莫尔尼宫是欧洲首家由国家资助的女性高等教育机构。